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The subject of masculinity and femininity of words in Arabic and other languages is the common name of works written in this field.
MÜZEKKER and MÜENNES
المذكّر والمؤنّث
(The subject of masculine and feminine aspects of words in Arabic and other languages, the common name of works written in this field)
It is stated that the gender category among words emerged when the gender difference between males and females of humans and animals attracted the attention of primitive man and was reflected in his language as a result. For this reason, the most common classification in world languages is the use of separate words for elements considered masculine and feminine. However, when it was seen that this situation led to an increase in the number of words, the same word was used for both genders in many languages, with the only difference being jewelry and signs. Since masculine is accepted as the main element in languages and feminine is considered as an element of it, jewelry and signs belong to the feminine element. Aristotle, quoting Protagoras, says that there is a third category (neutral) in Greek other than masculine and feminine, which is neither masculine nor feminine, and states that the real gender is found between people and animal names, and that masculine and feminine in other beings arise through metaphor (Rhetoric, p. .175).
Muzekker is a word that does not carry the feminine sign verbally or by default. It is divided into two: literal and figurative. The real men are the males of humans and animals that have male organs, while the figurative men are the men of other beings that do not have such organs. Muzekker is further divided into three: zâtî, hükmî (kesbî) and te'vîlî.
It is a word that carries the feminine sign literally or by default, the real meaning is the female organ, and the figurative meaning is a word that does not. Muennes is divided into essential, legal and interpretative parts, like the mezekker. If it carries the metaphorical feminine sign, it is divided into qiyas (like a shelter), and if it does not, it is divided into non-qiyas parts (like the ayn). Non-relative muennes are also called "celestial muennes" because they are not true muennes and do not bear feminine signs. Most of the disagreements are concentrated on celestial signs because they do not bear feminine signs. Of the 125 such words in classical works, he listed sixty of the most commonly used words in the Ibnü'l-Hâcib ode (see bibl.) and stated that there was agreement in only thirty-four of them. It is also permissible to consider the others as masculine.
In many languages of the world, masculine and feminine elements are distinguished by jewelry. The three feminine suffixes for nouns in Arabic and other Semitic languages are et-tâü'l-merbûta, elif-i maksûre (ـَ ى) and elif-i mamdûde (اَء). In order for these to be feminine signs, they must appear as additions and additions to the main letters of the word.
1- Closed tee - التاء المربوطة
It is called round or closed tee or tau marbuta. The closed letter te (ة) is added to the name after the main letters of the name, indicating that the name to which it is added is female.
Big (feminine) كبيرة – Big (masculine) كبير
poor (feminine) فَقِيـرَةٌ – poor (masculine) فَقِيـرٌ
Round tâ, (ة) is written as “open tâ” (ت) when absolute pronouns are combined:
Example:
My school مكتبتي – مكتبة
Printer كتب – كاتبة
2- Long elif - الألِفُ الممدودة
It is also called Elif-i memdude. It is written as (اء) at the end of the name. It is not one of the actual letters of the word.
Example:
Red (feminine) حمراء – Red (masculine) أحمرُ
Beautiful (feminine) حَسْناءُ – Beautiful (masculine) أحْسَنُ
3- Short elif - الألِفُ المَقْصورة
It is also called Elif-i maksure. It is written as ( ى ) or (_َ ا) at the end of the name. It is not one of the actual letters of the word.
Example:
Thirsty (feminine) عَطْشى – Thirsty (masculine) عَطْشان
Greater (feminine) كُبرى – Greater (masculine) أكْبَرُ
feminine words that do not carry a feminine sign
Special names given to women
Example:
مَرْيمُ – زَيْنَبُ – هِنْدُ – سُعادُ
Generic names that refer to female beings
Example:
Mother أُمٌّ – female donkey أتَانٌ – Sister أُخْتٌ
Names of paired organs of the body
Example:
Eye عَينٌ – Foot رِجْلٌ – Ear أُذُنٌ
Country, city and tribe names
Example:
Ghatafan tribe غَطَفانُ – Damascus الشّامُ – Egypt مِصْرُ
Names of wind and fire and some other names
Example:
Fire نَارٌ – Strong fire سَعِرٌ – West wind دَبُرٌ
Home دارٌ – Sun الشَّمْسُ – War الحَرْبُ – Earth الأرْضُ
